天文学进展2016，Vol.34Issue(1)：50-73,24.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8349.2016.01.04
引力波数据分析
The Data Analysis in Gravitational Wave Detection
摘要
Abstract
Gravitational waves are an important prediction of general relativity, made in 1916 by Einstein. Yet, the deformation that they imprint on space has never been observed directly. The first such observation should soon be made with pulsar timing arrays or large laser interferometers, which are emphasized in this paper. The advanced interferometers will be fully operational in a few years. We review many important data analysis techniques used for these instruments. In the same way as the exploration of the electromagnetic spectrum opened new win-dows on the universe (radio waves, infrared, visible spectrum, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, etc.), the ability to sense gravitational waves will open a new kind of astronomy. In fact, the shape of a gravitational wave encodes information about its physical origin, be it the coalescence of two very dense objects (neutron stars and/or black holes), a supernova explosion, or other phenomena. Gravitational waves are very weak: the movement that the largest laser interferometers (LIGO and Virgo) are designed to observe has an amplitude of only about 10?19 m, which is measured as the relative variation (strain) of the length of arms that measure 3 to 4 kilometers. Achieving this requires a host of physical measurements that flow from sensors to computers. These measurements are analyzed, displayed and stored through a complex hardware and software system that are presented in this paper. Such a high precision measurement requires extremely sensitive experimental and data analysis techniques. The signal that continuously comes from a gravitational wave interfer-ometer can be observed either as a function of time, or in the time-frequency domain, since this representation is adapted to the oscillatory nature of the gravitational waves. Different data analysis techniques are appropriate for each representation. For the time domain, we thus discuss matched filtering techniques, which can find a small signal of known form buried in noise. The time-frequency domain is presented in conjunction with techniques used for detecting bursts of gravitational waves, and unwanted glitches in the interferometer signal. Since multiple large gravitational wave interferometers are being made available, it is natural to take advantage of their conjoint measurements: a gravitational wave should be seen on all running detectors (with an amplitude that depends on their orientation), whereas glitches in the interferometer signal should generally not happen at the same time in the same way. This forms the basis of the coincidence and coherent data analysis methods presented here. Other important computing techniques such as Monte-Carlo calculations and χ2 for detecting gravitational waves and estimating their parameters (direction of their source, etc.) are also presented.关键词
引力波/激光/干涉仪/数据分析Key words
gravitational wave/laser/interferometer/data analysis分类
天文与地球科学引用本文复制引用
王小鸽,ERIC Lebigot,都志辉,曹军威,王运永,张帆,蔡永志,李木子,朱宗宏..引力波数据分析[J].天文学进展,2016,34(1):50-73,24.基金项目
北京师范大学科学研究基金 （）
中央高校基础研究基金 （）
国家自然科学基金(11373014,11073005) （11373014,11073005）
中国科学院战略先导项目(XDB09000000) （XDB09000000）
973项目(2012CB821804,2014CB845806) （2012CB821804,2014CB845806）
