作物学报2017，Vol.43Issue(2)：157-170,14.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00157
作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点
Characteristics of Genes Selected by Domestication and Intensive Breeding in Crop Plants
摘要
Abstract
Crop genomics made great progress in last 15–20 years. Second generation sequencing technology has dramatically reduced the cost of genome sequencing, brought life science into the times of genomics, and strongly promoted development of system biology, genetics, breeding and genetic resources. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype block analysis are currently widely used for exploring animal and plant genetic resources and breeding. Successful isolation of many important genes helps us elucidate the history of crop domestication and breeding, and predict the future of breeding. It has been changing the breeding concepts and strategies. Most crop cultivars used today have experienced two major steps of harsh artificial selection, i.e., domestication and breeding. Despite so many similarities between domestication and breeding, they are different in some aspects. Domestication relatively affects small regions of plant genome. The dramatic reduction of diversity is usually caused by bottleneck effect. Although the breeding history is only about 100 years, it has brought tremendous alteration in most crop ge-nomes. Breeding targets much more genes than domestication. It is very difficult for further selection of alleles at domestication targeted locus, usually only one allele is kept, which referred as fixed. However, it is not in the case of selecting alleles at breeding targeted locus. Few alleles can be present at the same time in cultivar populations and rotate at the same locus in varieties released in different periods or regions. Frequency of favored alleles in new cultivars has been increased dramatically because of positive selection. In addition, strong artificial selection usually reshapes the sub-genomes in polyploid species, which made them quite distinct from donor’s genomes. Therefore, it would be a good strategy to highlight future breeding through elucidating the basic rule of crop genome and gene in reaction to artificial selection at the targeted regions. Here, we briefly review the current major strategies for dissection of genes, haplotype blocks as well as the major genes targeted in crop domestication and breeding selec-tion. We also give a brief introduction on the mission and strategies for “formation and evolution mechanism of funder genotypes and famous cultivars in major crops”, a newly initiated national key research and development program of China.关键词
作物基因组/驯化/育种/关键基因/单元型区段Key words
Crop genome/Domestication/Breeding/Targeted genes/Haplotype block引用本文复制引用
张学勇,马琳,郑军..作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点[J].作物学报,2017,43(2):157-170,14.基金项目
本研究由国家重点研发计划专项(2016YFD0100300)资助。 The Principal Investigator was supported by the National Research and Development Program (2016YFD0100300) （2016YFD0100300）
