果树学报2018，Vol.35Issue(2)：231-245,15.DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20170337
我国李育种研究进展、存在问题和展望
Retrospect, problematical issues and the prospect of plum breeding in China
摘要
Abstract
Plum is a major stone fruit,belonging to the genus Prunus of Rosaceae family.Plum gives a greater range of flavor,aroma,texture color,form and size,the qualities that gratify the senses and make fruits desirable,than any other of our orchard fruits.From this great diversity,only two species predominate in modern commercial production:the hexaploid,European plum (Prunus domestica L.) and the diploid Chinese plum (P.salicina Lindl.and hybrids),which are grown mainly in temperate zones.China has a centuries-old history of plum cultivation with rich germplasm resources and wide-ranging distribution.Almost all production in China is of Chinese plums.Chinese plum (P.salicina L.),originated in China,is one commercial specie in mondial cultivation mainly for eaten fresh and also one remunerative and ecological crop,with more than half global annual yield.The native plum landraces are diverse,nice palate and full-flavored to be highly praised and appreciated by consumers,which have been acclimatized and local characteristic under a long-standing cultivated historical selection by man and nature.Those reserved landraces played an affirmatively promotional role in both Chinese plum industry and local economic development.For sufficing the market and fruit planting,plum breeding had been developed in the nineteen fifties and sixties mainly on Japanese plum toward the target of high quality and yield,ornamental,and winter-hardy.The active breeding programmes in China were located in cold regions where plum is the main tree fruit crop.The National Germplasm Repository at Liaoning provides germplasm and resources for the programmes.The main objectives were to increase fruit size,flesh firmness and eating quality,with adaptation to each cultivated region.Based on an incomplete survey,until 2017,China had a total of 64 bred cultivars of plum,which were independent breed,authorized and published,and 57.81％ of them were from scientific research units in Liaoning,Jilin,and Heilongjiang provinces.A general observation showed that most bred cultivars were gained through selection from landrace seedlings (e.g.'Suili #3'Kuifeng''Kuili'and'Changli #7') and cross breeding between elites of Chinese landraces (e.g.'Liuhaoli''Pingguoli'and'Guangongli'),and minor sprout mutation (e.g.'Hongjingli'Jinshuaili','Qiuxiangli'and'Longyuanmili').In recent years,there appeared a few fine quality plum varieties through hybridization between native landraces and external modern cultivars (e.g.'Suili #5'and'Guomei').Herein,we made a pedigree chart of plum cultivars over the years and revealed that most parents in breeding were directly or indirectly depending on characteristic plums from the standpoint of genetic,such as'Formosa''Liuhaoli''Suilinghong'and'Suili #3',which played the part of diaphyseal parent and an important role in plum breeding for table and ornamental usage.Concurrently,we also presented a certain closed kinship among these native bred cultivars and revealed the existing plight in Chinese plum breeding,a fact of limited shared parents with a narrow genetic base.The causes for this plight were multilateral,but mainly attributed to restrictively climatic environment factors.The climate in northeast China was extremely cold in winter with a short frost-free period.Plum breeders,particular in Jilin and Heilongjiang province,usually introduced few cold-resistant landraces into breeding programmes,such as'Hongganhe''Huangganhe''Xiaohuangli'and'Bayanhongpaoli'.Furthermore,the consumers (market) in different regions had particular recognition and demand on the taste of fruit.For instance,consumers in Jilin province preferred the plums flavour like'Huangganhe'and'Lizimei';in Guizhou they were fond of'Jianghuang'plum;while in Sichuan and Chongqing province,people were partial towards plum types as'Qingcuili'.Furthermore,plum breeding in China also faced nonnegligible issues such as 1) Insufficiency in inheritance of substantial fruit traits.A clear understand of genetic predisposition and characteristics of fruit target traits in the offspring,is the important basis for scientific matching parents in plum breeding program.It is suggested that plum materials with good target and comprehensive traits should be selected as parent.The subsequent family combination (positive and negative) and semi-sibling lines should be studied and verified.2) Grave study on rootstock.Rootstock breeding receives less attention than scion breeding,and requires large populations and commitment of resources for years.Despite these obstacles,new rootstocks are being developed to provide improved economic performance and wider adaptation.However to this day,the development of plum rootstock breeding in China is far beyond.Finally,3) Disease-resistant aim.There are over 29 major diseases that attack plums,including 4 bacteria (e.g.Xanthomonas campestris pv.pruni),19 fungi (e.g.Monilinia laxa) and 6 viruses (e.g.Plum pox virus).Especially in Sharka disease,it is caused by plum pox virus,and is spreading around the world where host plants including European plum,Chinese plum,peach and apricot are cultivated.It has devastated European plum industries in the past and will be potentially tremendous threaten to Chinese plums.In this case,our related study on Sharka disease should be accelerated to develop in depth.As mentioned above,in this review,we addressed retrospect,problematical issues and the prospect of plum breeding in China,which we can draw lesson from.关键词
李/品种/育种/实生选种/杂交育种Key words
Plum/Variety/Breeding/Seedling/Cross breeing分类
农业科技引用本文复制引用
刘硕,徐铭,张玉萍,张玉君,马小雪,章秋平,刘宁,刘威生..我国李育种研究进展、存在问题和展望[J].果树学报,2018,35(2):231-245,15.基金项目
国家科技支撑计划(2013BAD02B03-04) （2013BAD02B03-04）
