心理学报2019，Vol.51Issue(2)：177-187,11.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00177
"没有"为什么隐含着"消极情绪"?——否定加工中的情绪表征
Why "no" implies "negative emotion"? Emotional representation in negation processing
摘要
Abstract
Propositional theories propose that negation is an explicit abstract symbol, while the embodied theories believe that negation is represented by perceptual symbols. However, both sides lack direct evidence. In the present study, we develop another approach to discuss the issue--emotional representation. Emotion is viewed as another form of basic experienced symbols and an important component of internal states to construe the representation of abstract concepts. Thus, can negation be represented by emotion? In the two experiments, negative and affirmative phrases with a construction of "you/meiyou (a/no) + neutral two-syllable Chinese nominal words (e.g., 有/没有铁轨, a/no rail) " were developed as experimental materials to explore the emotional representation of negation processing. In experiment 1, we used the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), in which affirmative and negative neutral phrases were adopted as primes presented for 200 ms after a 0 ms or 300 ms blank screen (SOA: 200 ms and 500 ms), and target ambiguous Russian words with 6～7 letters were presented for 100 ms and then were substituted by the masking pictures. The participants were asked to judge the pleasantness of the target Russian words. In experiment 2, we applied the classical affective procedure (Bona Fide Pipeline, BFP), in which the same primes and the same two SOAs in experiment 1 were adopted, but the targets were Chinese affective words from CAWS, and the target word in each trail was diminished until the participants made the judgment on the pleasantness of the target word. The dependent variable in both experiments was the unpleasant response rationale. The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that negative neutral phrases led to more unpleasant responses to the ambiguous Russian words than affirmative phrases in the 200-ms and 500-ms SOA conditions. In experiment 2, negation phrases promoted participants' responses to negative target words and misled responses to positive words more than affirmative phrases. In other words, negation primed more unpleasant responses regardless of the valence of the target words in both SOA conditions. Lastly, we compared the results of experiment 1 and experiment 2 and discovered that in both measure methods, negative neutral phrases induced more unpleasant responses than affirmative ones, which implied that negation had negative valence and was represented by negative emotion. The results from the two experiments showed that negation was represented by emotional symbols. Because the prime materials adopted in the two experiments were neutral in valence, the different unpleasant response rationales reflected the different valence of the polarity (negation and affirmation), which differed from the explanation of the processing difficulties theories of negation. The stability of this negative bias across two durations meant that the emotional features of negation were not a temporal response but a property of negation. The negative priming effects of negation in the AMP and BFP, which had different demands on attentional resources, were similar. This implied that the negative valence of negation could be activated automatically with unintentional processing.关键词
否定/情绪/具身化/情感错误归因范式/经典情感启动范式Key words
negation/emotion/embodiment/affective misattribution procedure (AMP)/Bona Fide Pipeline (BFP)分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
高志华,鲁忠义.."没有"为什么隐含着"消极情绪"?——否定加工中的情绪表征[J].心理学报,2019,51(2):177-187,11.基金项目
国家社会科学基金(12BYY048) （12BYY048）
教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目成果(16YJC190005) （16YJC190005）
唐山心理健康与认知神经科学重点实验室和唐山市脑与认知功能研究基础创新团队专项经费资助(17130204D) （17130204D）
