This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2017YFC0405401) and the Science and Technology Project of Traffic and Transportation in Jiangsu Province (Grant No.2017ZX01).The authors would like to acknowledge Prof.Chang-kuan Zhang,Dr.Zeng Zhou,and Dr.Ao Chu at Hohai University,who contributed importantly to the data analysis and model development.We thank many volunteers who helped in the expeditions to deploy satellite transmitters onto shorebirds in Australia,including Chris Hassell who organized these expeditions,and Lee Tibbitts who curated the satellite tracking data.The satellite tracking was supported by the Spinoza Premium 2014 awarded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) to Theunis Piersma,by the MAVA Foundation,Switzerland,with additional support from WWF-Netherlands and BirdLife Netherlands.Ying-chi Chan was supported by the Ubbo Emmius Fund of the University of Groningen and by the Spinoza Premium 2014 to Theunis Piersma.Finally,the financial support by the Lamminga Foundation to Jos R.M.Muller is also greatly acknowledged. （Grant No.2017YFC0405401）