This work was partly supported by Project Grant 1101620 and Ideas Grant 1181053 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(NHMRC)and by award W81XWH-15-1-0606 from the Congressionally Approved Spinal Cord Injury Research Program of the US Department of Defense and by funds from the Mater Foundation.JPL is supported by Research Fellowship 1136130 from the NHMRC.This work was also partly funded by project grant 1101620 from the French Government Defense Procurement and Technology Agency(DGA-Direction Générale de l'Armement).The Translational Research Institute is partly funded by the Federal Government of Australia.The authors greatly acknowledge Sabrina Soaves,Bastien Rival and Muriel Nivet for technical assistance.The authors would like to thank the"Cochin HistIM Facility"for technical assistance of(Paris,France).They also highly acknowledge Prof.Philippe Denormandie and Dr.Laure Gatin(Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique,H?pital Raymond Poincaré,Garches,France)and Guillaume Genet for providing and coordinating access to NHO and muscle surgical residues.The authors also acknowledge the scientific and technical assistance at the Translational Research Institute:The University of Queensland biological resources TRI facility,histology facility,flow cytometry facility,microscopy facility and the preclinical imaging facility,which is supported by Therapeutic Innovation Australia(TIA).TIA is supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy(NCRIS)program. （NHMRC）