文物保护与考古科学2023，Vol.35Issue(6)：78-86,9.DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20230102796
越窑秘色瓷匣钵装烧工艺的实验考古学研究
Experimental archaeological study on the firing technology for Yue kiln Mi'se porcelain with saggers
摘要
Abstract
The Yue kiln began firing mature porcelain in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and fired celadon was its main product until the Song Dynasties.The Housi'ao kiln site,located on the west bank of the middle part of Shanglin Lake at Qiaotou Town,Cixi,Zhejiang Province,is the core kiln site among the Shanglin Lake Yue kiln sites.From October 2015 to January 2017,Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Underwater Cultural Heritage Conservation Center of the National Cultural Heritage Administration,Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,and Cixi Cultural Relics Management Committee Office carried out inspections of the Housi'ao kiln site.The archaeological excavation and exploration work was conducted on the underwater remains of Shanglin Lake,including the kiln site itself.A large number of exquisite Yue kiln celadon objects(including Mi'se porcelain)of the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties were unearthed.This excavation clarified the basic appearance and production techniques used for Mi'se porcelain in the late Tang and the Five-Dynasty periods(represented by the Housi'ao kiln site),basic layout of the Mi'se porcelain kiln site,and provenance of the Mi'se porcelain unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple(Tang Dynasty)and the Qians'cemetery(Wuyue Kingdom in the Five Dynasties).Among these issues,the reasons for the color difference between unearthed Mi'se porcelain and ordinary celadon have been a matter of long-term concern.The academic community has also carried out a lot of research work based on scientific and technological analysis and archaeological excavation data.The results show that there is no obvious difference in the chemical composition of glaze between Mi'se porcelain and ordinary celadon,but the glaze color of Mi'se porcelain is greener than that of ordinary celadon.The main reason may be that Mi'se porcelain was fired through a unique firing process with porcelain saggers and rim sealing using glaze;however,there is still a lack of experimental verification.It can be seen that from the perspective of experimental archaeology,based on the scientific and technological testing and analytical data of Mi'se porcelain and ordinary celadon,a process simulation experiment is very necessary to verify whether this kind of firing process was the key reason for the firing of Mi'se porcelain and to determine what kind of impact it could have. Based on scientific and technological analysis data of Tang and Five-Dynasty Mi'se porcelain and ordinary celadon unearthed from the Housi'ao Yue kiln site at Shanglin Lake,local sedimentary clay and plant ash,etc.were used as the main raw materials to carry out a process simulation study on Mi'se porcelain.The focus is on comparative analysis of the effects of different types of saggers(ordinary one vs.porcelain one)and firing methods(glazed sealing vs.unglazed sealing)on the color of celadon glaze.The chromaticity of the simulated fired celadon glaze and the valence state of the coloring element Fe were determined and analyzed using a variety of instruments,such as colorimeter and photoelectron spectrometer,and the function and mechanism of the method of sealing the rims of porcelain saggers with glaze to fire Mi'se porcelain were discussed.The study found that: 1)The chromaticity analysis results of 14 celadon samples analyzed in the experiment show that the glaze color of celadon fired using porcelain saggers sealed with glaze was more uniform and greenish,regardless of whether it was covered with ordinary saggers or not.Their values of a∗were from-3.18 to-2.01,and their values of b∗were from 13.80 to 17.28,which were significantly lower than the values of a∗(from-1.49 to-1.21)and b∗(from18.16 to20.48)of ordinarysagger-firedceladonglaze.Thisisconsistentwith the color pattern of Mi'se porcelain glazes in the Tang Dynasty compared to ordinary celadon glazes. 2)The results of photoelectron spectrometry of 7 celadon samples show that the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of celadon glazes fired using porcelain saggers sealed with glaze was 2.80,which was significantly higher than 0.57 of celadon glazes fired in ordinary saggers.This is consistent with the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of Mi'se porcelain glazes in the Tang Dynasty compared to ordinary celadon glaze. 3)The comprehensive simulation experiment and scientific and technological analysis can effectively verify that the main reason why the appearance of Yue kiln Mi'se porcelain is different from ordinary celadon is that it adopted a unique firing process—sealing the rims of porcelain saggers with glaze.Especially during the cooling stage,the sintered porcelain sagger with its rims sealed can play a good role in maintaining the reducing atmosphere in the sagger,and to a large extent,it can avoid secondary oxidation of the glaze surface caused by external air re-entering the sagger during the cooling process,which is conducive to the color development of celadon glaze and the color stability of batch products.关键词
越窑/秘色瓷/模拟实验/价态Key words
Yue kiln/Mi'se porcelain/Simulation experiment/Valence state分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
山日钦,袁琦,吴军明,桑月侠..越窑秘色瓷匣钵装烧工艺的实验考古学研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2023,35(6):78-86,9.基金项目
国家自然科学基金项目(51862018)资助 （51862018）
