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基于Jack软件的小件快递员搬运作业典型姿势工效学评估OA北大核心CSTPCD

Ergonomic evaluation on typical postures of express couriers handling small parcels by Jack simulation software

中文摘要英文摘要

[背景]随着我国快递业的迅速发展,小件快递员普遍存在超时、超强度、高负荷搬运工作,极有可能罹患工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs).采用调查问卷方式开展WMSDs研究主观性较强,模拟仿真方法可量化评估WMSDs,且具有效率高、成本低等优点,已成为WMSDs的研究发展趋势. [目的]采用仿真模拟方法,对小件快递员典型搬运作业姿势进行工效学评估. [方法]利用SolidWorks软件建立 530 mm(长)×290 mm(宽)×370 mm(高)的快件几何模型,1.4 m(长)×0.9 m(宽)×1.17 m(高)的车厢几何模型,以及装配车厢总高度 1.7 m的快递车几何模型,并将其导入Jack软件,并设定快件重量为 20 kg.在Jack软件建立男性快递员数字模型,并设定快递员站在车厢一侧用双手搬运快件,将快件放置在车厢顶部、上部、中部、底部4种不同高度时的典型作业姿势,以及将快件放置在车厢外侧、中间、内侧 3种不同水平位置时的典型作业姿势.利用Jack软件中的可视域和可达域工具确定快件是否可被快递员看到和触及,并确定快递员极限时的作业姿势;再采用Jack软件中的作业姿势分析系统(OWAS)、快速上肢评估(RULA)工具对典型垂直高度和水平距离的快件搬运作业姿势进行工效学评估. [结果]最大水平和垂直眼动视野可有效涵盖快件所在区域,但部分区域不在最佳视野范围内;快件距快递员水平方向超过 48 cm时,快递员无法直接触及,只能通过调整站立位置或姿势才能有效触及.OWAS分析发现,当快件放置在车厢顶部、上部和中部时,快递员作业姿势风险等级均为 1级,为正常姿势;当快件放在车厢底部内侧时快递员需要屈膝弯腰,作业姿势风险等级最高为 3级,属于对肌肉骨骼系统造成有害影响的作业姿势,应尽快采取纠正措施;快件放在车厢底部其他位置的 2种作业姿势风险为 2级,可能对肌肉骨骼系统造成伤害,近期需要采取纠正措施.RULA分析发现,快件放置在车厢上部和中部时,快递员作业姿势的风险为 2级,而放置在车厢顶部和底部时,作业姿势的风险均为 3级;快件放置在车厢底部时,随着快件离快递员水平距离的增加,作业姿势危害增加,其风险均在 3级及以上,当快递位于车厢最内侧时,风险达到4级. [结论]不同高度和水平位置的快件搬运姿势存在显著的WMSDs风险,作业姿势风险程度依据快件高度从低到高排序分别为中部、上部、底部和顶部.特别是当快件放置在车厢底部,且快递员与快件之间的水平距离增加时,作业姿势的潜在危害进一步加大.通过在快递车厢左右两侧均设对开门,能够有效地让快递员通过调整站立位置,实现左右垂直移动,从而确保快件处于其最佳视野和可达域.

[Background]With the rapid development of China's express delivery industry,small parcel couriers generally report overtime,excessive intensity,and high work load,and are at a high risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs).Using questionnaires to conduct research on WMSDs-associated postures may contain unavoidable subjectivity,and the simulation methods can quantitatively evaluate WMSDs,boasting advantages such as high efficiency and low cost,and become a research development trend. [Objective]To conduct ergonomic evaluation of typical postures of express couriers handling small parcels using a simulation method. [Methods]SolidWorks software was used to establish a geometric model of a parcel(530 mm depth×290 mm width×370 mm height),a geometric model of an express carriage(1.4 m depth×0.9 m width×1.17 m height),and a geometric model of a delivery truck(1.7 m height).These models were imported into Jack software,and the weight of parcel was set at 20 kg.The digital model of a male express courier was established in Jack software.A typical parcel handling task was defined as standing on one side of the express carriage and bimanually placing parcels at four different heights(top,upper half,middle,and bottom of the carriage)combined with three horizontal positions(outer side,center,and inner side of the carriage).The visual field and reach zones tools in Jack software were used to determine whether the parcels can be seen and touched by the express courier,and determine the operational posture of the express courier at their ends of motion ranges.The Ovako working posture analysis system(OWAS)and rapid upper limb assessment(RULA)tools in Jack software were used to evaluate postures applied at typical vertical and horizontal distances. [Results]The maximum horizontal and vertical gaze fields effectively covered the area where the parcels were located,but some areas were not within the optimal field of view.When the horizontal distance between the parcel and the express courier exceeded 48 cm,the express courier was not able to directly reach it and had to adjust his standing position or posture to perform the task.The OWAS analysis found that when the express item was placed at the top,upper section,or middle of the carriage,the risk level of the courier's work posture was level 1,suggesting a normal posture.When the parcel was placed at the inner side bottom of the carriage,the courier needed to bend his knees and lower back,and the highest risk level for the posture was level 3,which had harmful effects on the musculoskeletal system,and corrective actions were required as soon as possible.The other two work postures placing the parcel elsewhere in the bottom were graded level 2,which may cause harm to the musculoskeletal system,and corrective actions were required in the near future.The RULA analysis found that the risk of the posture was level 2 for handling the parcel in the upper or middle of the carriage,and level 3 for handling the parcel at the top or bottom of the carriage.When the parcel was placed at the bottom of the carriage,as the horizontal distance between the express item and the courier increased,the risk of posture increased to level 3 or above,and the risk reached level 4 for the parcel located at the innermost side of the carriage. [Conclusion]There is a significant risk of WMSDs in manually handling parcels at different heights and horizontal positions.The risk levels of associated postures are elevated from low to high following the express item pleased at the middle,upper,bottom,and top of the carriage and the extension of horizontal distances,if the express item is placed at the bottom of the carriage,between the courier and the parcel.By installing doors on both sides of the express delivery carriage,it is possible for the express courier to adjust his standing position and provide a vertical motion range,ensuring best visual field and reach zones.

陈振芳

北京市化工职业病防治院,北京 100093

预防医学

工效学快递搬运作业工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患作业姿势

ergonomicsexpress deliveryhandling operationwork-related musculoskeletal disorderswork posture

《环境与职业医学》 2024 (007)

744-750 / 7

国家卫生健康委粉尘危害工程防护重点实验室开放课题项目(KLECDH2023030201)

10.11836/JEOM23445

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