经济与管理研究2024，Vol.45Issue(10)：77-98,22.DOI:10.13502/j.cnki.issn1000-7636.2024.10.005
人工智能如何影响劳动力需求和结构?
How does AI Affect Enterprises'Labor Demand and Structure?
摘要
Abstract
Artificial intelligence(AI),a comprehensive technology to replace part of human cognition and thinking abilities,is widely applied in social and economic activities.Previous studies have observed changes in demand and structure,but the specific impact mechanism of structural change is still unclear from the micro level.Based on the technical attributes of enterprise AI applications,this paper combines the theories of complementarity of human capital and dynamic capabilities and uses the data of China's A-share listed companies from 2009 to 2019.Then,it applies textual analysis and machine learning methods to construct an index of AI applications in enterprises and empirically examines the impact of AI applications on labor demand and structure and its mechanism. The findings indicate that the overall impact of AI applications on labor demand is neutral,yet it exhibits a unipolarization effect that amplifies the demand for highly skilled labor in enterprises.In view of the endogeneity caused by the reverse causal relationship between AI applications and the growth of enterprise employees,this paper selects the number of installed robots in the United States provided by the International Federation of Robotics(IFR)as the instrumental variable.The results are still robust after redefining the AI indicators,reselecting the instrumental variable,examining the manufacturing industry,and reselecting the sample range. This paper discusses the process of applying AI in enterprises.Intelligent technology requires enterprises to possess enduring innovation capabilities,which are supported by comprehensive informatization and strengthen the interaction with the more extensive production network.Therefore,from the perspective of internal production links and management informatization,increasing AI applications in enterprises will lead to heightened per capita R&D and informatization investments,thereby expanding the demand for highly skilled labor.From the perspective of the external industrial chain of enterprises,changes in AI applications in upstream industries can be transmitted to downstream enterprises through the industrial chain,further strengthening the trend of unipolarization of employment. The findings supplement the academic discussion boundary of the impact of new technology applications on enterprise labor demand at the micro-enterprise level,enriching the research on changes in enterprise labor demand.Moreover,it provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to cope with changes in labor demand under the impact of new technology and formulate policies to guide full employment.关键词
人工智能/劳动力结构/单极化效应/文本分析/机器学习Key words
artificial intelligence/labor structure/unipolarization effect/text analysis/machine learning分类
管理科学引用本文复制引用
潘丽群,李静,余梦琳..人工智能如何影响劳动力需求和结构?[J].经济与管理研究,2024,45(10):77-98,22.基金项目
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目"人工智能、职业迁移网络对劳动者就业影响研究"(72003052) （72003052）
国家社会科学基金一般项目"人工智能促进区域经济协调发展的机制研究"(22BJL062) （22BJL062）
广东省基础与应用基础研究面上项目"人工智能应用对企业就业需求的影响研究"(2022A1515012089) （2022A1515012089）
福建省自然科学基金面上项目"基于城市社会环境调节效应的智能制造与企业经营绩效提升研究"(2023J01031) （2023J01031）
