A chemical odyssey:Exploring renal stone diversity by age and sex in Punjab,PakistanOA

Dear Editor,Renal calculosis is one of the most common urological disorders worldwide,with a prevalence ranging from 1%to 13%across different regions[1].Renal stones are crystal concretions that form on the inner surface of the kidney,resulting from disruptions in the metabolism,the excretion of stone constituents,or the formation of Randall''s plaques and plugs.These stones are a result of various endogenous factors.