摘要
Abstract
Micropenis is defined as a penis that is normal in terms of shape and function,but is more than 2.5 standard devia-tions(SD)smaller than mean size in terms of length.The common causes of micropenis include:Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction,gonadal dysfunction,androgen synthesis and action disorders,syndromes caused by autosomal or sex chromosome aneuploidy,penile agenesis(aphallia),maternal use of antifungal and antiandrogenic drug,environmental endocrine disruptors,idiopathic micropenis,etc.Patients with micropenis are often combined with small testicles,lack of male secondary sexual characteristics,infertility after adult-hood,short stature and other manifestations.An accurate normative assessment of the length of the penis should measure stretching pe-nile length(SPL).Patients with micropenis should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team in a comprehensive clinical,genetic,and endocrine manner.The Patients should actively accept clinical interventions and personalized treatment on the basis of definitive etiol-ogy,in order to effectively improve the length of the penis and quality of life.Drug therapy can be divided into adolescent full simulation using GnRH pulse pump therapy,partial simulation using gonadotropin therapy,and terminal simulation using testosterone or dihy-drotestosterone based on the different effects of sex hormones on the HPG axis.However,there is currently no consensus or guidelines on micropenis for its diagnosis and treatment.The optimal treatment timing,drug regimen selection,and optimal indications are all wor-thy of in-depth study.关键词
小阴茎/病因/诊断/治疗Key words
Micropenis/Etiology/Diagnosis/Treatment分类
医药卫生
