中国岩溶2024，Vol.43Issue(6)：1235-1247,13.DOI:10.11932/karst20240602
云南高原岩溶环境地质问题及修复治理难度分析
Analysis of geological problems and difficulties in restoration and treatment of karst environment on the Yunnan plateau
摘要
Abstract
The karst region of the Yunnan plateau is characterized by high altitudes,diverse landforms,variable meteorological and hydrological conditions,and strong internal and external dynamic geological processes.Additionally,the rapid increase in human activities and the detrimental effects of unsustainable development have resulted in many issues on karst environmental geology closely related to natural resources and the environment.The main issues are rocky desertification,waterlogging and drought,groundwater pollution,spring drainage,deterioration of wetland ecological environment,and karst geological disasters. According to the data on relevant remote sensing surveys,the total area of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province in 2020 reached 24,800 km2,accounting for 26.41%of the karst area.Among them,the area of severe rocky desertification accounted for 69.46%,20.72%for moderate rocky desertification,and 9.82%for mild rocky desertification.Rocky desertification is contiguously distributed in the karst mountainous areas of eastern and southeastern Yunnan,and in karst regions of western Yunnan,it is mostly distributed in sheets and bands.The severe rocky desertification area is mainly concentrated in the middle-height mountains,high-height mountains and valleys of the plateau karst.The distribution of waterlogging and drought in the karst region of the plateau shows obvious local characteristics.Drought disasters mainly occur in the mountainous and hilly areas with higher terrain,while waterlogging occurs more often in the valleys,basins and depressions among the mountains with lower terrain.There are 2,658,400 acres of arable land susceptible to waterlogging in karst regions of the Yunnan plateau.The degree of groundwater pollution varies greatly due to different types of groundwater,pollution protection properties and pollution sources.Generally,pore water is the most polluted with the lowest water quality.Medium to heavy pollution is mainly distributed in the middle of the basin,and the elements exceeding the permitted level mainly include nitrite,ammonia nitrogen,iron,manganese,etc.The heavily polluted areas include Kunming,Qujing,Kaiyuan,Mengzi,Gejiu and other places,mostly rated as serious or most serious pollution areas.The drainage of spring water in karst stone mountains typically results in a decline of regional groundwater levels.This decrease mainly occurs in basin areas,mining areas and the vicinity of engineering tunnel excavation,which is mainly caused by human engineering activities such as tunnel excavation,mine drainage and over-exploitation of groundwater.The wetland of the Yunnan plateau is mainly distributed in the lakeside.Due to the combined effects of ecological changes and human activities,the temporal and spatial distribution of water sources and the water cycle processes have been altered.The wetland area is shrinking,and its ecological service functions are increasingly degraded or even lost,resulting in a series of ecological and environmental geological problems.Karst geological disasters on the plateau primarily consist of karst collapses,which are mainly found in karst fault basins,trough valleys and platform areas.These collapses are mainly the result of external forces such as rainfall and earthquakes. Due to the fragility and complexity of the geological environment in karst regions of the plateau,addressing and managing various environmental geological issues is challenging,and the outcomes of restoration and control efforts are inconsistent.The main reasons can be summarized as the complex and changeable natural and social factors,resulting from issues related to the karst geological environment,the low carrying capacity of natural resources,the limited capacity of the geological environment,and the challenges in balancing survival,development and environmental protection.The economic and technical requirements for the restoration and treatment of karst environmental geological issues are increasingly demanding.Guided by the theories of hydrogeology,environmental geology and ecology,and based on a large number of detailed investigation data,this study systematically summarizes and analyzes the issues on karst environmental geology such as rocky desertification,waterlogging and drought,groundwater pollution,spring water drainage,deterioration of the wetland ecological environment,and karst geological disasters on the Yunnan plateau as well as the difficulties and causes of restoration and control of these disasters.The countermeasures and suggestions to address these issues have been put forward,which can provide the orientation and scientific basis for ecological protection and restoration.关键词
生态环境/石漠化/水污染/湿地退化/地质灾害Key words
ecological environment/rocky desertification/water pollution/wetland degradation/geological disaster分类
天文与地球科学引用本文复制引用
张华,彭淑惠,王宇,王波,高瑜,李芹..云南高原岩溶环境地质问题及修复治理难度分析[J].中国岩溶,2024,43(6):1235-1247,13.基金项目
国家重大研发计划项目课题(2016YFC0502502) （2016YFC0502502）
自然资源部岩溶生态系统与石漠化治理重点实验室开放基金专项(KDL202101) （KDL202101）
