西部人居环境学刊2025，Vol.40Issue(4)：221-228,8.DOI:10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20230712004
山西传统窑洞的类型分布与影响因素研究
Classification and distribution of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi Province and their influencing factors
摘要
Abstract
The loess landform in Shanxi Province is both extensively spread and strikingly diverse in its types,firmly positioning the province as one of the pivotal cradles of cave dwellings.Geologically and geographically,this distinct feature has engendered a long-standing and affluent history of cave-dwelling,culminating in an ample reserve of well-conserved traditional cave dwellings.This research article zeroes in on the traditional cave dwellings of Shanxi Province,painstakingly amassing data from 160 villages.The dataset comprehensively incorporates villages inscribed in the List of Chinese Famous Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages,as well as those in the List of Chinese Traditional Villages.Significantly,it also encompasses villages that,notwithstanding the absence of such formal designations,still retain their invaluable traditional cave-dwelling legacies.Given the vast array of cave-dwelling types in Shanxi,it was determined that classifying them merely by the front facade morphology would not accurately elucidate their spatial distribution patterns.Consequently,this study adopted the building materials of these traditional cave dwellings as the primary classification parameter.This methodological approach led to the categorization of cave dwellings into three principal types:earth-built cave dwellings,stone-built cave dwellings,and brick-built cave dwellings.Earth-built cave dwellings,specifically,are further sub-divided into three subtypes:cliff-adhering cave dwellings,ingeniously constructed against natural cliffs;adobe-walled cave dwellings,erected with adobe bricks;and sunken-yard cave dwellings,excavated into the ground.Through the application of GIS-based kernel-density analysis,the research successfully mapped out the primary distribution zones for each type of traditional cave dwelling.Among these,brick-built cave dwellings are the most abundant in terms of current prevalence.Although earth-built cave dwellings are scattered across the entire province of Shanxi,the passage of time,has led to a substantial number of collapses and deteriorations.As a result,the number of existing villages where earthen kilns are the main form of residence is the smallest.Subsequently,the study probed deeper into the factors influencing the distribution and architectural traits of traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi from two distinct dimensions:the natural environment and the human-social environment.Employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods,it was concluded that the natural environment plays a decisive role.The site-selection for cave dwellings and the choice of building materials are intricately linked to the local terrain and landform.Most traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi are situated in mid-to-low-altitude mountainous and hilly regions,with each type of cave dwelling manifesting its own unique distribution pattern.The building materials used in construction are judiciously selected to suit local conditions.Brick-built cave dwellings are predominantly found in areas proximate to coal resources and regions with relatively prosperous economic development,while earth-built cave dwellings are ubiquitously distributed across the province.Stone-built cave dwellings,in contrast,are commonly located in earth-and-stone-mountainous areas and along riverbanks.The contrasting climatic conditions between the northern and southern parts of Shanxi have also contributed to marked architectural disparities in cave dwellings.In the southern region,the doors and windows of cave dwellings are typically narrow and diminutive,and the dwellings themselves are relatively tall,with a preponderance of two-story structures.Conversely,in the northern region,cave dwellings are generally low-slung and squat,with thick walls.The doors and windows have a large surface area but a small opening area,and the integration of the kang(a heated brick bed)and the stove ensures a warm indoor ambiance during the frigid winters.While the natural environment is the preeminent factor,the human-social environment also plays a significant secondary role in shaping the unique architectural characteristics of Shanxi's cave dwellings.The principles of etiquette and geomancy,deeply ingrained in traditional Chinese culture,have left an indelible imprint on the layout of cave-dwelling courtyards,embodying the traditional concept of hierarchical order.Regional economic disparities and social development levels have further influenced the combination of cave-dwelling forms,the facade appearance,and the nuances of detailed ornamentation.In the southern region,the layout of cave dwellings is more variegated,with courtyards often in the form of squares or narrow,and the internal decoration is elaborate and exquisite.In the northern region,the courtyard types are relatively simplistic,mostly featuring spacious courtyards,and the internal decoration is plain and functional,emphasizing practicality.In summary,under the combined influence of these two sets of factors,traditional cave dwellings in Shanxi exhibit pronounced regional divergences,jointly contributing to the formation of a singular and captivating cave-dwelling architectural culture characteristic of this region.关键词
传统窑洞/分布/影响因素Key words
traditional cave dwelling/distribution/influencing factor分类
建筑与水利引用本文复制引用
田毅,李若彤..山西传统窑洞的类型分布与影响因素研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2025,40(4):221-228,8.基金项目
国家社会科学基金青年项目(18CZS067) （18CZS067）
2023年山西省艺术科学规划课题(23BA104) （23BA104）
山西省哲学社会科学一般课题(2024YB132) （2024YB132）
