文物保护与考古科学2025，Vol.37Issue(5)：157-165,9.DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20240203176
炳灵寺石窟第132窟气象环境特征研究
Research on the characteristics of the meteorological environment in Cave 132 of Bingling Temple Grottoes
摘要
Abstract
To study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the meteorological environment in Cave 132 of Bingling Temple Grottoes and to explore the correlation between the cave's deterioration and environmental changes,a study was carried out in accordance with GB/T 30237-2013 Ancient wall painting deterioration and legends and WW/T 0006-2007 Specification for condition survey of ancient murals.The distribution characteristics of deterioration in Cave 132 were examined,and air temperature and humidity monitoring data collected from January 2010 to December 2022 were analyzed.Using Origin2021 software,the average of monthly extreme values and their variation trends,and the annual frequency of days with extreme temperature and humidity events were compared.Data collected from environmental monitoring equipment placed at different heights and depths within the cave from August 1st,2021 to August 31st,2022 were analyzed using temperature and humidity box plots.In addition,temperature and humidity data from the surfaces of relics on both the west and east walls during the same period were compared to evaluate differences in relative humidity between mural and sculpture surfaces. The results indicate that over the past decade,the frequency of high-temperature and high-humidity events in Cave 132 has increased,with low temperatures rising rapidly.The occurrence of extreme temperature and humidity events varied from year to year,reflecting increasing environmental instability.The comparison of internal and external temperature characteristics revealed a seasonal pattern:in spring and summer,external temperatures were higher than those inside the cave,whereas in autumn and winter,the reverse was true.Temperature differences between the inside and outside of the cave were larger in spring and autumn,but smaller in winter and summer.Relative humidity inside the cave was inversely correlated with external temperature throughout the year.Regarding temporal and spatial distribution of temperature and humidity inside the cave,vertical temperature patterns generally showed higher temperatures closer to the ground.From October to March of the following year,temperature fluctuations increased from the ground upwards while from April to September,the trend was reversed.Along the depth of the cave,from October to February of the following year,air temperature gradually increased from the entrance inwards,but from March to September,it decreased.Annual temperature differences also progressively diminished from the entrance inwards.For relative humidity,vertical distribution showed lower humidity closer to the ground.Along the depth,from October to May of the following year,relative humidity decreased from the cave entrance inwards,while from June to August,the trend reversed,indicating a temporal mismatch with temperature variations.In March,April and May,rear-cave air temperatures were lower than that at the front,but relative humidity was also lower.This phenomenon is attributed to the water storage period of Liujiaxia Reservoir,when backflow toward the grottoes increased relative humidity at the cave entrance due to water vapor movement and evaporation.Vertically,relative humidity differences increased with height from October to February of the following year,while the differences decreased from March to September,mirroring temperature trends.Along the depth direction,temperature differences were generally smaller in the front than those in the rear,whereas the opposite was true for relative humidity-particularly from June to October-likely due to water evaporation from the surrounding rock. The primary forms of deterioration in Cave 132 included pigment loss,flaking,hollowing,powdering,microbial damage,with pigment loss and flaking being the most severe.In terms of distribution:pigment loss and flaking occur across all walls at similar levels,while powdering and microbial damage are concentrated in the middle and lower sections of the cave,particularly on the surface of sculptures along the west and north walls.The widespread pigment loss and flaking are likely related to both mural production techniques and environmental influences,whereas localized large-scale deterioration,such as powdering and microbial growth,appear to be closely tied to micro-environmental variations within the cave.Elevated relative humidity on the surface of relics in the rear of the cave was probably a key factor contributing to this deterioration.关键词
炳灵寺石窟/气象环境/病害/温度/相对湿度Key words
Bingling Temple Grottoes/Meteorological environment/Deterioration/Temperature/Relative humidity分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
刘宗昌,武发思,孙淑梅,贺东鹏..炳灵寺石窟第132窟气象环境特征研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2025,37(5):157-165,9.基金项目
国家自然科学基金(32060258)、甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRF0005)、敦煌研究院课题(2022-KJ-YB-9)资助 （32060258）
