This research was funded by the United States Forest Service,Forest Health Protection Special Technology Development Program(grant number 20-DG-11083150-003)and the Southern Pine Health Research Cooperative(SPHRC)at the University of Georgia(Athens,Georgia,United States).We would like to thank the Cooperative Tree Improve-ment at NC State University(Raleigh,North Carolina,United States)for providing data,which was made possible because of the establishment,management,and measurement of tests by members of the Cooperative.Funding for the Cooperative was also provided by the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources in the College of Natural Re-sources at North Carolina State University and by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire-Stennis Project NCZ04149.We would also like to thank ArborGen,Georgia Forestry Commission,IFCO,Rayonier,Westervelt,and Weyerhaeuser for providing access to their sites and allowing us to sample.We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that improved the paper's quality. （grant number 20-DG-11083150-003）