表面技术2025，Vol.54Issue(21)：1-22,22.DOI:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.001
3D打印技术在液体定向运输方面的应用与挑战
Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Printing for Directional Liquid Transportation
摘要
Abstract
Directional liquid transport has become a vibrant and strategically relevant research area owing to its broad impact on precision drug delivery,high-efficiency fog harvesting,thermal management and energy conversion,microfluidic manipulation,and environmental remediation.The central objective is to steer liquids in a deterministic fashion by encoding spatial gradients of surface energy and curvature into engineered chemistries and multiscale textures,thereby harnessing capillarity,Laplace-pressure differentials,and controlled wetting hysteresis.Within this landscape,three-dimensional(3D)printing,i.e.,additive manufacturing,has emerged as an enabling platform for constructing biomimetic structures and surfaces that support directional liquid motion.Its distinguishing advantages include materials versatility,architectural freedom,seamless multi-material integration,and low structural mass,collectively allowing the realization of liquid-handling architectures that are difficult,if not impossible,to obtain via conventional fabrication.This review first delineates the mechanistic foundations that govern directional transport,encompassing classical Young-Wenzel-Cassie-Baxter descriptions of wetting,capillary pumping in graded channels,chemical and geometric wettability gradients,Janus and asymmetric ridge/groove designs,ratcheted topographies,and bioinspired motifs(e.g.,cactus spines,Nepenthes peristomes).Guided by these principles,it analyzes four mainstream 3D-printing modalities,namely material jetting,extrusion-based printing,powder-bed fusion,and photopolymerization,through the lens of directional liquid transport.For each modality,it summarizes the accessible material sets(polymers,elastomers,hydrogels,particle-reinforced composites,metals,and ceramics);attainable resolution,surface finish,and hierarchical fidelity;throughput and scalability;and the capability to encode multi-material or spatially graded properties that strengthen capillary anisotropy.Post-processing routes,such as plasma activation,laser texturing,surface grafting,and vapor-phase functionalization,are also highlighted for refining surface energy and roughness while preserving structural integrity.Despite rapid advances,key bottlenecks remain.Resolution-throughput trade-offs limit routine patterning of sub-micrometer features needed to maximize curvature-driven pressure gradients.The palette of printable chemistries can constrain wetting tunability and chemical durability.In addition,long-term robustness is challenged by fouling,abrasion,and environmental aging.Equally important,performance assessment lacks standardization.Beyond static or advancing/receding contact angles,it argues for a metrics suite that includes initiation threshold,steady-state transport velocity,run-out distance under tilt,flux under humidity or temperature gradients,and cycling stability under contaminants or mechanical insult.These benchmarks can improve comparability across studies and accelerate translation from proof-of-concept demonstrations to robust devices.Looking forward,several directions appear especially promising:(ⅰ)multi-material and gradient printing to co-design chemistry and geometry;(ⅱ)architected lattices and capillary metamaterials that amplify Laplace-pressure gradients while maintaining mechanical integrity;(ⅲ)stimuli-responsive and reconfigurable surfaces for on-demand routing and spatiotemporal control;(ⅳ)inverse design and topology optimization informed by phase-field or volume-of-fluid simulations;(ⅴ)data-driven surrogates and machine-learning frameworks for rapid exploration of large design spaces;and(ⅵ)hybrid manufacturing that couples additive processes with sub-micron lithography or ultrafast laser texturing.Overall,this review underscores the"material-structure-function"integration paradigm enabled by 3D printing and offers a coherent roadmap for the intelligent,durable,and high-performance fabrication of directional liquid-transport structures and surfaces.The synthesis presented in this work is intended to guide the selection of printing modalities and design strategies for application-specific requirements,and to catalyze cross-disciplinary progress at the interface of surface science,bioinspired design,and advanced manufacturing.关键词
3D打印/液体定向运输/仿生功能结构/表面/可定制性/梯度设计Key words
3D printing/directional liquid transport/bionic functional structures/surfaces/customizability/gradient design分类
机械制造引用本文复制引用
刘颜铭,陈阳,马雅丽,刘伟嵬,陈强,雷柏茂..3D打印技术在液体定向运输方面的应用与挑战[J].表面技术,2025,54(21):1-22,22.基金项目
国家自然科学基金(52175455) （52175455）
辽宁省自然科学基金(2023-MSBA-006) （2023-MSBA-006）
中央高校基本科研业务费科研专题项目(DUT24MS006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175455) （DUT24MS006）
Liaoning Natural Science Foundation(2023-MSBA-006) （2023-MSBA-006）
Central Universities' Fundamental Research Funds for Disciplines(DUT24MS006) （DUT24MS006）
