We thank the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Project of Material Genome Big-science Facilities Platform supported by the Municipal Development and Reform Com-mission of Shenzhen for providing access to SEM.We also thank Dr.Jian Xu from the Single-Cell Center of Qingdao In-stitute of Bioenergy and Bio process Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China,for providing access to the single-cell sorting system.We also thank Yuri Wolf who helped to create the Asgard archaea database.We also thank Prof.Paula Welander from Stanford University for providing re-sources for the construction of archaeol-producing plasmids,Tong Si from Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology for providing auxiliary plasmids,and Minxu Li from Southern University of Science and Technology for the help in lipid analysis.This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Z.Z.(No.32393974,92351301,and 32170041).K.S.M.and E.V.K.are supported through the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health(National Library of Medicine). （No.32393974,92351301,and 32170041）