南方建筑Issue(12)：43-52,10.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.12.005
经济恢复时期至"一五"计划早期(1949-1954)天津住宅多元探索
Diverse Explorations of Housing in Tianjin from the Economy Recovery to the Early Period of"First Five-year"Plan(1949-1954)
摘要
Abstract
As a key industrial city in the early years of the People's Republic of China,Tianjin experienced a severe housing shortage after liberation.Driven by the demands of urbanization and industrialization during the transition from New Democracy to Socialism,citizens,state-owned and private enterprises,and the municipal government of Tianjin have undertaken multiple explorations and practices in new housing forms,attributes,and development models in New China. Public policies and financial support spurred enthusiasm for the construction of private housing and enterprises'employee housing.However,frequent private house construction behaviors-including illegal land acquisition,prolonged construction timelines,and circumvention of building license applications-have brought many challenges to urban development and management,despite relieving the economic burden on ordinary citizens.The varying design levels of enterprise employees'housing with minimal government intervention,the use of collective dormitory or Lilong housing typologies before liberation,and economic waste caused by excessive pursuit of high standards are all related to the subjective understanding and financial foundation of enterprises. Learning from these private and enterprise construction experiences,the Tianjin Municipal Government concluded that unified design and centralized construction of public housing were the only way to efficiently address urban housing shortages with limited financial resources.In the spring of 1952,the Tianjin Workers'New Village project was officially launched.The technical department of the Tianjin Government constructed seven Workers'New Villages with consideration for urban development space and industrial layout.The villages'master plan design was based on Neighborhood Unit theory,featuring centralized public buildings and facilities.Simple single-room residences were built in connected rows,arranged in a south-facing linear layout.This created self-sufficient and independent living units around the city and resonated with industrial workers'traditional living habits.Meanwhile,the Soviet residential block design,the Socialist Realism artistic approach,and experience in construction industrialization that came with the foreign policy of"Leaning to One Side"urged the Tianjin Government's design department to explore new housing models.From 1952 to 1954,the technical department submitted a complete set of Housing Standard Design drawings,which were applied to eight Soviet-style residential block projects.Such design and construction trials provided valuable experience for the industrialization of housing and the localization of technology in Tianjin.It also determined that multistory and multi-dwelling apartments were typically representative of socialist urban housing. Although the new housing model incorporated local materials and traditional aesthetic elements,its design and allocation methods clashed with prevailing local living habits.The absence of private courtyards in multistory housing caused inconvenience among residents and heightened a sense of insecurity stemming from being distanced from the land.Layouts based on Standardized Quotas resulted in rooms that were homogeneous and functionally ambiguous within a house,while the placement and high standards of service spaces further misaligned with local preferences.Additionally,the reality of multiple families sharing allocated units easily fostered conflicts within households and among neighbors,although it also spurred diverse adaptive living strategies. The diverse housing explorations in Tianjin in the early 1950s facilitated the emergence of the multistory and multi-dwelling apartment model.Its conflict with local living habits was not a negative or failed result.Instead,it encouraged technicians to continuously reflect,improve,and update housing design.It also became an important place to identify the country's political power,witness the transformation of the housing system and paradigm in New China,promote the construction of residents'identity,and carry collective memory.关键词
20世纪50年代/天津/住宅/集合住宅/标准设计Key words
1950s/Tianjin/house/apartment/standard design分类
建筑与水利引用本文复制引用
梁欣婷,徐苏斌,青木信夫..经济恢复时期至"一五"计划早期(1949-1954)天津住宅多元探索[J].南方建筑,2025,(12):43-52,10.基金项目
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478027):基于HUL理念的天津历史街区多层积和关联性的数字化平台研究 （52478027）
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378030):近代东北南满铁路沿线工业城市的建设和技术传播. （52378030）
