实验技术与管理2025，Vol.42Issue(11)：14-25,12.DOI:10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.11.002
光谱分析技术在环境重金属污染检测中的应用与进展
Application and progress of spectral analysis technology in the environmental heavy metal pollution detection
摘要
Abstract
[Significance]In recent years,environmental heavy-metal pollution has garnered increasing global attention owing to its inherent potential risks to human health and ecological integrity.The qualitative and quantitative analysis of heavy-metal pollutants in environmental matrices(e.g.,water,soil,sediment,and atmospheric particulates)serves as the foundational cornerstone of scientific research in environmental science,providing critical data for environmental toxicology studies and heavy-metal risk-management frameworks.As a detection methodology characterized by its rapidity,nondestructive nature,and high sensitivity,spectral technology has demonstrated substantial application potential in the detection of heavy-metal environmental pollution.With the development of spectral technology,spectral instruments have achieved notable technological breakthroughs in the detection of heavy-metal environmental pollution,with marked enhancements in instrument performance,data analysis methods,and application scenarios.Currently,widely utilized commercial spectral instruments include inductively coupled plasma optical emission,atomic absorption,Raman,X-ray fluorescence,and laser-induced breakdown spectrometers,among others.[Progress]Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy can perform elemental analysis at parts-per-million(mg/L)and parts-per-billion(μg/L)levels,and it can simultaneously detect 70 metal elements.The combination of atomic absorption spectrometry(AAS)with other technologies has developed rapidly for the detection of various heavy metal contents in the environment.For example,the application of hyphenated technologies such as high-performance liquid chromatography-AAS and gas chromatography-AAS has considerably improved the simultaneous detection of multiple elements.AAS has played a key role in the source tracing,risk assessment,and control of environmental heavy-metal pollution,providing a scientific basis for environmental research.Raman spectroscopy facilitates the nondestructive characterization of interactions between heavy metals and environmental media by capturing molecular vibration and rotation information in scattered light.X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can effectively amplify detection signals and achieve quantitative analysis through specific chemical reactions between heavy metal ions and fluorescent reagents.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,an emerging atomic emission spectroscopy technology,induces plasma generation in samples via focused high-energy laser pulses and produces elemental information through spectral analysis.This technology eliminates the need for sample pretreatment,possesses in situ detection capabilities,and is particularly well-suited for rapid on-site screening in field environments.Notably,the popularization of portable spectral devices derived from existing spectral technologies will further empower grassroots environmental monitoring teams,enabling the real-time tracking of heavy-metal pollution dynamics in remote areas,such as mining zones and rural water sources,while also providing timely support for targeted pollution remediation actions.Moreover,with the in-depth integration of artificial intelligence and spectral technology,future iterations of these devices will be equipped with more intelligent data analysis and anomaly early warning functions.This will enable the automatic identification of heavy metal species in complex environmental matrices and the prediction of pollution diffusion trends.This will not only reduce reliance on professional inspection but also offer more comprehensive data references,such that environmental protection departments may formulate long-term pollution prevention and control strategies,thereby promoting the transformation of environmental heavy-metal pollution governance from"passive response"to"proactive prevention".[Conclusions and Prospects]Spectral technology has become an indispensable analytical tool in the field of environmental heavy-metal detection research because of its unique advantages.With the development of instrument hardware,software,and databases,spectral technology will assume an increasingly prominent role in the detection,speciation analysis,and toxicology of environmental heavy metals,providing crucial data for supporting the toxicity and risk assessment of environmental heavy metals.关键词
重金属污染/光谱分析技术/电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法/原子吸收光谱法/拉曼光谱法/X射线荧光光谱法/激光诱导击穿光谱法Key words
heavy-metal pollution/spectral analysis technology/inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry/atomic absorption spectrometry/Raman spectroscopy/X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy/laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
李亚可,夏星辉,姜晓满,李玉环,徐俏..光谱分析技术在环境重金属污染检测中的应用与进展[J].实验技术与管理,2025,42(11):14-25,12.基金项目
国家自然科学基金(T2261129474) （T2261129474）
