实验技术与管理2025，Vol.42Issue(11)：26-37,12.DOI:10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.11.003
分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测中的应用与进展
Applications and progress of molecular biology techniques in the environmental microorganism detection
摘要
Abstract
[Significance]Environmental pollution has become a major challenge for global sustainable development.Environmental engineering based on microbial biotechnology has demonstrated significant potential in pollution control.Utilizing the metabolic characteristics of microorganisms can facilitate the transformation and degradation of pollutants as well as resource recovery,effectively addressing issues such as water eutrophication,soil remediation,and waste gas purification.Traditional microbiological methods have limitations in analyzing the structure,function,and dynamic changes of microbial communities in complex environmental samples.As core technologies in modern biology,molecular biology techniques,with their high resolution and high throughput,have played a key role in analyzing the structure of microbial communities associated with environmental engineering,mining functional genes,and optimizing environmental remediation strategies.[Progress]This paper reviews the latest innovations in molecular biology techniques,such as PCR,high-throughput sequencing,and gene editing,applicable to environmental microbiology research.PCR amplifies target DNA fragments through specific primers by a millionfold within a short period,thereby enabling the rapid identification of trace biomarkers in the environment.It is widely used in the detection,identification,and quantification of environmental microorganisms.High-throughput sequencing has allowed for systematic study of species diversity and functional gene distribution within environmental microbial communities,providing a critical basis for the screening and identification of pollutant-degrading microbes.As a core tool in molecular biology,gene editing has opened new pathways for the targeted modification of microorganisms involved in environmental engineering.By precisely targeting and modifying DNA sequences,this technology can alter microbial metabolic pathways in an intended direction,thereby enhancing the pollution control efficiency of the microbes.This paper also discusses cases where these technologies have been applied to detect environmental microorganisms,analyze pollutant degradation mechanisms,and in environmental remediation engineering.These cases demonstrate the extent to which molecular biology techniques have helped in transforming microbiology-assisted environmental engineering from descriptive to predictive research.The integrated application of multiple molecular biology techniques can further reveal the complexities of microbial ecosystems.In the field of environmental engineering,combining metabolomics,transcriptomics,and metagenomics enables simultaneous analyses of microbial community composition,functional gene expression,and metabolic product dynamics,thereby constructing a comprehensive"gene-function-metabolism"analytical model.For instance,monitoring functional gene abundance through real-time quantitative PCR and analyzing metabolite dynamics via metabolomics can elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the key microbial enzymes involved in pollutant degradation within wastewater treatment systems.Such a multi-technique approach not only enhances the depth of functional analysis in microbial ecology but also provides a scientific basis for optimizing the design of environmental engineering systems.[Conclusions and Prospects]The prospects for applying molecular biology techniques in environmental engineering-associated microbiology are vast,with technological innovations and interdisciplinary integration expected to provide more precise solutions for environmental remediation.However,challenges remain in deciphering multi-scale dynamic processes and microbe-environment interactions within environmental engineering scenarios due to insufficient data correlation.Additionally,the lack of functional annotation for a vast number of genes available in metagenomic data continues to hinder the interpretation of key microbial functionalities.Furthermore,limitations to on-site rapid detection,such as high costs,operational complexities,and difficulties in integrating data from different technological platforms,require continuous breakthroughs in technological innovation and cross-disciplinary collaboration.In the future,with these advancements,molecular biology techniques can play an even more vital role in the in-depth exploration and efficient utilization of environmental microbial resources,providing strong support for achieving green,precise,and intelligent environmental governance.关键词
分子生物学技术/微生物检测/聚合酶链式反应/高通量测序/环境工程Key words
molecular biology techniques/microbial detection/PCR/high-throughput sequencing/environmental engineering分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
李玉环,李亚可,徐俏,姜晓满..分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测中的应用与进展[J].实验技术与管理,2025,42(11):26-37,12.基金项目
黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究项目(2022-YRUC-01-0202) （2022-YRUC-01-0202）
