南方建筑Issue(2)：1-9,9.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2026.02.001
"外适内和"视角下中国传统士人园林游憩空间形态探析
An Exploration of Recreational Spatial Forms in Traditional Chinese Literati Gardens from the Perspective of"Outer Adaptation and Inner Harmony"
摘要
Abstract
Against the background of the national strategies of"Healthy China"and"Country with Strong Culture,"the synergistic development of healthy living environments and traditional cultural values has become an important field of research.As a key embodiment of Eastern wisdom in shaping human settlements,traditional Chinese literati gardens gradually developed distinctive mechanisms for physical and mental regulation through the long course of their historical evolution.The recreational spatial forms of these gardens encapsulate the holistic philosophy of"external adaptation and internal harmony,"which seeks to achieve inner balance of the body and mind by responding to the natural environment and integrating spatial elements.Therefore,a systematic elucidation of the regulatory logic embedded in the recreational spatial forms of traditional literati gardens is not only of great significance for deepening research on the health benefits of traditional gardens;it can also provide some historical references for contemporary health-oriented environmental design. In this study,the supportive characteristics and mechanisms of traditional Chinese literati gardens from Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties for physical and mental regulation were examined from the perspective of"external adaptation and internal harmony."Methodologically,visual grounded theory was introduced to incorporate multiple sources of visual materials,such as garden remains,historical documents,and traditional garden paintings,into a unified analytical framework.Through open coding,axial coding,and selective coding,the study systematically synthesized spatial form elements,recreational activity patterns,and related physical and mental experiences.This was combined with purposive sampling and theoretical saturation testing.A total of 30 traditional garden sites and 14 garden-themed paintings were chosen as samples;these covered different historical periods and regional types. The results indicate that traditional literati gardens constructed composite recreational environments conducive to physical and mental regulation through multi-level spatial design strategies.For spatial organization,techniques such as sequences of gateways,framed views through lattice windows,and the modulation of solid-void boundaries are widely employed to create visual rhythms characterized by"initial restraint followed by release"and"changing scenery with each step,"guiding visitors through attention shifts and emotional transitions.For material construction and artistic conception,the poetic expression of space is enhanced by combining"semi-concealed"structures(e.g.,half-pavilions,half-corridors,bamboo shadows,and perforated rockeries)with variations in light and shadow,thus transforming the physical environment into a medium for emotional projection and spiritual resonance.With respect to natural symbols and cultural narratives,natural elements like pine,bamboo,water,and stone are interwoven with cultural practices,including purification rituals and elegant gatherings,establishing a spatial narrative system with symbolic significance and enhancing cultural identity within recreational experiences.For path planning and participatory experience,networks that balance order and freedom are created through meandering waterways,linear routes,and multi-node spatial organization,which can encourage physical movement and social interaction.On this basis,the study identifies two typical regulatory pathways:"solitary enjoyment"and"collective enjoyment."The"solitary enjoyment"pathway primarily corresponds to quiet contemplation and spontaneous wandering in private gardens,with spatial characteristics emphasizing seclusion and rhythmic control.It is beneficial for individuals to realize psychological relaxation and introspective adjustment.The"collective enjoyment"pathway is commonly associated with group activities,such as elegant gatherings and garden banquets.It enhances group interaction,emotional bonding,and cultural resonance through open spatial structures and multi-scenario linkages.Both the"solitary enjoyment"pathway and the"collective enjoyment"pathway constitute a dual mechanism for achieving"external adaptation and internal harmony." The study concludes that the recreational spatial forms of traditional literati gardens represent an integrated regulatory system that combines spatial organization,cultural imagery,and behavioral guidance.The synergistic mechanism of"environmental construction,artistic conception generation,cultural identification,and mind-body interaction"reveals the intrinsic logic through which the physical environment influences physical and mental experiences.This study provides valuable references for contemporary healthy living environment design and the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage.关键词
传统士人园林/身心调适/视觉扎根理论/外适内和/人居环境Key words
traditional literati gardens/physical and mental adjustment/visual grounding theory/external adaptability and internal compatibility/human settlements分类
建筑与水利引用本文复制引用
焦典,唐丽娜,赵明哲,唐建.."外适内和"视角下中国传统士人园林游憩空间形态探析[J].南方建筑,2026,(2):1-9,9.基金项目
国家社会科学基金资助项目(21BSH039):我国中心城市的韧性城市空间重构体系研究 （21BSH039）
辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研重点资助项目(LJ112510153008):城市街区公共空间品质营建技术研究. （LJ112510153008）
