南方建筑Issue(2)：103-115,13.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2026.02.011
同中有异
Unity in Diversity:A Analysis of Timber Frame Construction Techniques in Traditional Dwellings of Tonghai,Yuxi and Shiping,Honghe
摘要
Abstract
The"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition of Southern Yunnan"represents one of the two mainstream traditions with traditional courtyard-style timber frame construction techniques in Yunnan.Its technical system bears significant influence from Southern China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Through the long-term localized evolution,the system has not only preserved the essence of construction techniques in Southern China but also developed a unique construction paradigm in accordance with the geographical environment and climatic characteristics of Southern Yunnan through adaptive modifications.Geographically adjacent and sharing cultural origins,Tonghai in Yuxi and Shiping in Honghe constitute core distribution areas of this tradition.However,they belong to distinct cultural-geographical units,namely,Central Yunnan and Southern Yunnan.The traditional timber-framed dwellings have gradually developed divergent characteristics over time,with key construction techniques remaining unsystematically elucidated.To address this research gap,the timber frame construction techniques of traditional dwellings in Tonghai and Shiping are discussed to investigate the dissemination,adaptation,and differentiation of the same craftsmanship tradition across distinct geographical environments.The literature analysis,field investigation,and comparative analysis were combined in this study.Based on a review of existing research results,data were supplemented through typical swelling mapping and interviews with craftsmen.A systematic comparative analysis on plan layout,structural types and component characteristics,mortise-and-tenon fabrication and typology,and roof forms and construction was carried out.According to the research results,residential buildings in Tonghai and Shiping are highly similar in terms of fundamental forms,structural logic,and core mortise-and-tenon techniques,demonstrating the continuity and unity of the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition."The plane layout are mainly feature variations of the courtyard of"Yi Ke Yin"and multi-courtyard layout,while structural frameworks mainly combine beam-raising and a Chuan-dou structure.The structural logic emphasizes the core load-bearing function of"mortise-and-tenon joints",with highly consistent basic types,core fabrication techniques,and mechanical principles.However,although both craft systems can be traced to the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition,"the construction techniques in Tonghai and Shiping developed distinctive regional features due to differentiated topography,cultural integration,and variations in technique inheritance.With respect to plan layout evolution,Tonghai developed the layout in the shape of Chinese characters"Ri/Lv"by centering on the"Yi Ke Yin."Shiping focused on the expansion of multiple courtyards and developed the irregular layout of the Chinese character"Tu"to highlight differences in topographical adaptation.With respect to structural framework and component details,there are regional differences in the flexibility of framework combinations,structural forms,and dimensions,as well as component arrangement.In the application logic of mortise-and-tenon joints,distinct craft preferences are observed in detail processing,functional positioning,and dimensional precision,reflecting divergent regional traditions of craftsmanship transmission.Roof construction techniques exhibit regional variations in water drainage systems,ridge-lifting methods,layered roofing approaches,and tile dimensions,highlighting their adaptation to microclimates and materials.Within the craft terminology system,local names for certain components reveal dialectical differences,reflecting the linguistic localization of technique transmission.Based on a systematic comparison of construction techniques in Tonghai,Yuxi,and Shiping,Honghe,this study clarifies the commonalities and distinct characteristics within the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition of Southern Yunnan"across neighboring regions.This not only reveals a pattern of"divergent evolution from a common origin"but also deepens our understanding of the complexity and diversity within the traditional residential construction systems of Central and Southern Yunnan.The research results are of significance in the context of protecting and inheriting traditional architectural cultures in Yunnan and promoting the integration of modern architectural design and traditional construction techniques.关键词
云南传统合院民居/营造技艺/对比研究/地域差异Key words
Yunnan traditional courtyard house/construction techniques/comparative study/regional difference分类
建筑与水利引用本文复制引用
郭学玉,高永林,宋春歌,吴宇勤..同中有异[J].南方建筑,2026,(2):103-115,13.基金项目
云南省基础研究专项-重点项目(202401AS070103):基于细节技术特征的云南穿斗式木结构建筑谱系研究 （202401AS070103）
云南省"兴滇英才支持计划"青年人才专项(KKXX202464065):云南穿斗木结构建筑侧向刚度计算理论及评估方法关键问题研究 （KKXX202464065）
校人培基金(Kkz3202088003):精准扶贫视域下传统木结构建筑发展模式及策略研究-以云南省为例. （Kkz3202088003）
