文物保护与考古科学2026，Vol.38Issue(1)：9-21,13.DOI:10.16334/j.cnki.cn31-1652/k.20240403328
安岳毗卢洞1号龛微环境变化与造像风化关系研究
Variation of microenvironment and weathering characteristics in Niche 1 of Piludong Stone Carving,Anyue,Sichuan
摘要
Abstract
Situated in Sichuan Province,China,the Anyue Grottoes are renowned for their abundant cave art and feature a significant quantity of Buddhist rock art carvings.One notable example is the stone carving figures from Piludong Stone Carving,considered as a high-quality example of Song Dynasty grotto statues due to their more comprehensive overall preservation.The statues exhibit a sophisticated fusion of creative production and religious ideas,with their elegant modeling and passionate expressions.Furthermore,the naturalism and harmonic beauty that characterized this era's creative movement give these sculptures historical significance in addition to their religious significance.However,rainfall,groundwater,temperature,humidity,and other natural elements have caused the statues to suffer from delamination,detachment,powdering,and other weather-related ailments that affected the statues' long-term preservation and display.The dominant factors responsible for forming typical diseases of Piludong Stone Carving were comprehensively concluded through the analysis of monitoring data on rainfall,groundwater,temperature,and humidity in the microenvironment,as well as water content on the surface of the statues,and by analyzing samples of typical delamination and detachment.The environmental data of the statues and their surroundings were gathered and thoroughly analyzed in this study,and the findings could serve as a guide for bolstering the scientific conservation of numerous monuments in Sichuan. Microenvironmental monitoring revealed that the water contents of the statue surface and bedrock,as well as capillary water and groundwater,were all highly susceptible to abrupt changes during rainfall.According to the monitoring data,the groundwater level rose 10-15 hours after the end of heavy rainfall;the statue surface layers at four heights—50,100,150 and 200 cm—became oversaturated within 0.5-3 hours;and the environment surrounding the statues experienced a short-term increase in humidity.Temperature fluctuations on the statue surface were greater than in the surrounding environment.The maximum annual temperature difference of the statue surface was 45.9℃ and that of the surrounding environment was 36.6℃,a difference of 25％.Infrared thermal imaging monitoring revealed that during periods of ambient temperature increase,the delamination area surface temperature was higher than that of the surrounding area,with localized high-temperature zones.During the daytime,the temperature of delamination or detachment areas consistently exceeded that of the surrounding area,and the temperature distribution gradient was more pronounced in the delamination areas.The calcareous cementation of the bedrock of Piludong Stone Carving was demonstrated by testing and analysis using ion chromatography(ICS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS).The bedrock contained a higher content of feldspar type,and the clay minerals in the weathered samples had higher concentrations of mica.The predominant clay minerals included chlorite and illite,along with mixed layers of chlorite and montmorillonite.Soluble salts in the clay minerals were significantly enriched along the gradient of lamellar exfoliation areas,dominated by CaSO4·nH2O,which filled and blocked water vapor channels. A synthesis of the fit analysis linking environmental changes with soluble salt migration and soluble salt mitigation and phase transitions indicated that precipitation plays a significant role in short-term and rapid changes in the water vapor environment of Piludong Stone Carving,Anyue.For instance,prolonged periods of heavy rain can cause significant short-term variations in statue surface water content,the nearby groundwater table,and the humidity levels of the surrounding area and niche.The rate and amplitude of temperature and humidity changes on the statue surface differ significantly from those in the surrounding environment,and variations are also notable in surface temperature and humidity between various sections of the same statue niche.On the statue surface,temperature and humidity are correlated.Daily humidity variation shows a relatively stable period at night(approximately 00:00-5:00),a sharp decline in the morning section(approximately 6:00-13:00),a low-humidity period in the afternoon(approximately 14:00-17:00),and a rising trend in the evening(approximately 18:00-23:00).In addition,soluble salt transport is driven by changes in ambient water,resulting in pronounced soluble salt gradient distributions in the surface layers of the bedrock.During frequent water vapor transformations,poorly soluble CaSO4 precipitates and becomes enriched in the surface layer of the rock.The formation of soluble salt-rich zones in the bedrock surface layer blocked water vapor channels within the bedrock.The microenvironmental changes surrounding the artifact area corresponded with the conditions that favor Na2SO4 phase transition.The expansion forces generated by the repeated dissolution and crystallization of Na2SO4 continuously act on mineral particles and cementation,destroying the microstructure of the statue bedrock and causing the powdering and detachment on the statue at the macroscopic scale.Weathered debris also accumulates in areas of flake exfoliation.The primary cause of the powdering and detachment of the rock carvings is the coupling effect of soluble salts and microenvironmental changes.关键词
石刻造像/微环境/监测/可溶盐Key words
Stone statue/Microenvironment/Monitoring/Soluble salt分类
社会科学引用本文复制引用
韩明,谢振斌,谢杨,王雅丽,尚雪健..安岳毗卢洞1号龛微环境变化与造像风化关系研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2026,38(1):9-21,13.基金项目
四川省科技计划(2020YFS0391)资助,四川省重点研发项目(2024YFFK0438)资助,四川省文物局科研课题(SCWW2022B37)资助 （2020YFS0391）
