首页|期刊导航|工业化学与材料（英文）|Scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate through comparative reactor analysis
工业化学与材料（英文）2026，Vol.4Issue(2)：260-275,16.DOI:10.1039/d5im00056d
Scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate through comparative reactor analysis
Scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate through comparative reactor analysis†
摘要
Abstract
This study presents scalable reactor designs at a lab-scale pilot level for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction(eCO2RR)to formate,utilizing formate-selective catalysts such as tin(Sn)and bismuth(Bi)at the electrodes in different sizes.Furthermore,it evaluates multiple scaled-up reactor configurations,providing critical insights into their performance,efficiency,and potential for industrial deployment.Electrochemical cells comprising VITO CORE® gas diffusion electrodes(GDEs)of 100 cm2 single electrode,300 cm2 stack(3 electrodes of 100 cm2)and 400 cm2 single electrode were evaluated for eCO2RR at 100 mA cm-2 at two different laboratories(UFZ and VITO).The 100 cm2 Sn-GDEs showed an average formate production rate(rHCOO-)and coulombic efficiency(CE)of 29 mM h-1 and 80%,respectively.However,stacking three 100 cm2 GDEs,hence stacked 300 cm2 Sn-GDEs,showed lower performance(average rHCOO-and CE of 19 mM h-1 and 50%,respectively),with a variation among the replicates.Operational efficiency and stability were regained by further scaling up using a single Sn-GDE to 400 cm2(average rHCOO-and CE of 35 mM h-1 and 73%,respectively).The Bi-GDE in the similar setup of 400 cm2 showed lower performance(average rHCOO-and CE of 23 mM h-1 and 63%,respectively),which we related to electrode structural degradation as revealed by SEM-EDX analyses.With its notable durability,stable performance,and relatively low overpotential for eCO2RR,the 400 cm2 Sn-GDE setup demonstrated strong potential for long-term eCO2RR to formate.The corresponding power consumptions at the largest scale for formate production using both Sn-and Bi-GDEs were determined to be 190.8 and 501.8 Wh mol-1,respectively.This situates the technology at the upper boundary of laboratory-scale and the early stages of pilot-scale operation.Although the system has not yet achieved kilowatt-level performance,the results underscore a promising and scalable approach toward the development of industrially relevant eCO2RR platforms.关键词
eCO2RR/Scale up/Formate/Gas diffusion electrodes/Flow cells/Stacked reactorsKey words
eCO2RR/Scale up/Formate/Gas diffusion electrodes/Flow cells/Stacked reactors引用本文复制引用
Paniz Izadi,Swapnil Varhade,Carl Schneider,Philip Haus,Chandani Singh,Avni Guruji,Deepak Pant,Falk Harnisch..Scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate through comparative reactor analysis[J].工业化学与材料（英文）,2026,4(2):260-275,16.基金项目
The authors acknowledge the support of the VIVALDI project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 101000441.This work was supported by the Helmholtz-Association in the frame of the Integration Platform"Tapping nature's potential for sustainable production and a healthy environment"at the UFZ.A.G.and D.P.also acknowledge the support from the European Union's Horizon 2021 programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Doctoral Networks(MSCA-DN)grant agreement No 101072830(ECOMATES). （MSCA-DN）
