Abstract
Textile-based temperature sensors exhibit extensive application potential in domains such as medical monitoring,sports science,and industrial safety,owing to their superior flexibility,breathability,and wearability.In contrast to conventional electronic temperature patches that rely on semi-rigid substrates,these sensors offer enhanced skin compatibility and prolonged wearing comfort,attributable to their three-dimensional porous architecture,which effectively mitigates skin irritation and facilitates the development of large-scale,distributed temperature monitoring systems.However,achieving accurate temperature measurement in complex application scenarios remains challenging for textile-based temperature sensors.Hence,a systematic review and analysis of the fundamental sensing mechanisms,prevailing fabrication techniques,and key performance optimization strategies for textile-based temperature sensors are of considerable theoretical and practical significance for advancing their deployment in dynamic body temperature monitoring applications.
Textile-based temperature sensors primarily employ three sensing mechanisms:thermoelectric,resistive,and capacitive ones.Among these,thermoelectric sensors operating on the Seebeck effect have emerged as a promising solution due to their passive operation,low intrinsic noise,and inherent reliability.To effectively address the requirements of wearable temperature monitoring applications,these sensors need to maintain wearing comfort while simultaneously achieving high sensitivity,fast response times,and robust immunity to environmental disturbances.
In terms of preparation techniques,a comprehensive analysis is carried out across three primary pathways:wet spinning,coating methods,and emerging processing technologies.Wet spinning serves as a fundamental technique for fabricating thermoelectric fibers from organic conductive polymers,with fiber performance critically influenced by parameters such as spinning solution concentration,composition,coagulation bath formulation,and temperature.Coating methods—including dip-coating,spray-coating,and printing—are widely employed to establish conductive networks on fabric or yarn substrates.Furthermore,emerging processing technologies enable continuous advancements in conventional spinning and weaving techniques while incorporating innovative methodologies,with the aim of leveraging complex architectures to overcome the limitations of traditional conductive fibers in terms of flexibility,stretchability,and long-term stability.
In recent years,the optimization of thermoelectric yarn performance has predominantly centered on material selection and structural design.Material-wise,the intrinsic dichotomy between organic materials which exhibit high flexibility but suboptimal thermoelectric properties and inorganic materials which showcase exceptional thermoelectric performance but suffer from limited flexibility,has been mitigated through the implementation of organic-inorganic composite strategies.This approach leverages the synergistic integration of both material classes,thereby augmenting the overall functionality of thermoelectric yarns.The integration of nanomaterials with reduced dimensionality significantly enhances carrier mobility and the Seebeck coefficient,while simultaneously leveraging boundary scattering effects to suppress thermal conductivity.For instance,carbon-based nanomaterials demonstrate excellent electrical conductivity but suffer from inherently high thermal conductivity,necessitating their incorporation into composite systems to achieve performance optimization.Recent advancements in structural design have developed innovative configurations,including lateral and vertical π-type thermocouple architectures,which facilitate optimal exploitation of temperature gradients for wearable applications.Moreover,strategic series interconnections of thermocouples can substantially increase voltage output while preserving mechanical flexibility and wearability.
Despite significant progress in textile-based temperature sensors driven by material innovation and nanotechnology integration,low thermoelectric conversion efficiency remains a persistent bottleneck hindering their industrial adoption.The core challenges stem from three critical issues:structural degradation under cyclic mechanical stress e.g.,bending and washing,leading to compromised durability;performance instability in dynamic and complex operational environments and susceptibility to signal interference from multiple sources,reducing measurement reliability.
To address these limitations,future research should focus on four strategic priorities 1)systematic investigation of advanced material systems,including organic-inorganic hybrid composites and low-dimensional nanomaterials with enhanced thermoelectric properties 2)intelligentization through synergistic integration with machine learning algorithms and IoT frameworks for real-time data processing 3)development of scalable manufacturing techniques to achieve cost-effective miniaturization and multifunctional integration;and 4)tailored design optimization for application-specific demands in healthcare monitoring,sports science,and industrial safety systems.By systematically tackling these aspects the field can accelerate the transition from laboratory prototypes to robust industrial-grade solutions.关键词
织物/柔性温度传感器/热电/制备技术/智能纺织品/导电纱线/热电优值Key words
fabric/flexible temperature sensor/thermoelectric/preparation technology/smart textile/conductive yarn/thermoelectric figure of merit分类
轻工纺织
