摘要
Abstract
Electrophoretic displays(EPDs)realize low-power and bistable reflective imaging by electrically controlling the spatial distribution of charged particles in microcapsules or microcups.The driving waveform determines the transition path from a historical state to a target grayscale or color state,and therefore strongly affects response time,ghosting,flicker,power consumption,DC balance,and reliability.In response to the insufficient cross-comparison,weak connection between evaluation indicators and engineering benchmarks,and limited discussion of color and intelligent driving challenges in existing reviews,this paper surveys representative studies published from 1998 to 2025 on driving waveforms,partial update,three-color and black-white-red e-paper,video-oriented refresh,and intelligent optimization.The literature is discussed along three lines:black-and-white EPD waveform design,three-color and black-white-red EPD waveform design,and intelligent waveform optimization.Major strategies,including reference grayscale,DC balance,multilevel voltage,high-frequency activation,damped oscillation,adaptive generation,convolutional neural networks,and dynamic programming,are compared in terms of mechanism,applicable scenarios,quantitative indicators,and engineering limitations.The analysis shows that EPD waveform design is moving from empirical rule-based tuning toward coordinated optimization combining physical constraints,experimental feedback,and algorithmic search.Temperature sensitivity,panel-size-dependent fringing fields,multi-threshold control of color particles,unified benchmarking,and controller-level deployment remain the key challenges.关键词
电泳电子纸/驱动波形/残影抑制/三色电子纸/智能优化Key words
electrophoretic display/driving waveform/ghost suppression/three-color e-paper/intelligent optimization分类
信息技术与安全科学
