社区嵌入视角下日本老龄化城市养老服务与规划的经验及启示OA北大核心CSTPCD

China is currently facing the severe challenge of population aging,and the construction of all-age communities and age-friendly cities has become an urgent goal.This paper takes the spatial planning of three aging cities in Japan as an example,analyzing the planning and layout of community service facilities for the elderly and the construction of a regional comprehensive care system. The study shows that the planning of community facilities for the elderly in Japan takes the existing spatial resources as the planning object,with the construction of a friendly community environment as the critical starting point.Public places and residential areas are used as the spatial management units,and the aging transformation of community space is carried out jointly across five aspects:medical treatment,care,prevention,residence,and life support.This approach does not only consider the integrity and comprehensiveness of the planning,but also takes into account the interaction of multi-stakeholder governance. Introducing the concept of pluralistic governance,community governance is a fundamental component of social governance.The purpose of pluralistic governance is to provide higher-quality and more accessible public services,not the marginalization of the government.In the planning of community spaces within elderly care facilities,it should emphasize the cooperation between key stakeholders,adhere to the principle of consultation and discussion,widely solicit the opinions of the public,listen to the demands of the community,and base our efforts on the needs of the elderly.Among them,the government should play a guiding and coordinating role in governance,social organizations should provide services and support,and residents should participate in decision-making and management,forming a"trinity"of government,social organizations,and residents.Through this multi-stakeholder cooperation,it can reduce friction between parties,ensure the effectiveness of service delivery,achieve effective alignment between supply and demand,and leverage the resource advantages of each stakeholder to provide higher-quality products and services for the elderly. Three-dimensional urban planning and design involves a systematic and holistic approach,considering the overall context,and emphasizing the coordination between infrastructure layout,the environment,industry,and residents.The goal is to achieve symbiotic development and create a livable city for all ages.In the planning process,it should not only focus on the development of new areas,but also the transformation of existing cities,highlighting the unique characteristics of each urban environment. In the process of integrating elderly care facilities,it should make full use of existing buildings and vacant sites,optimize the layout of the facilities,provide more specialized spaces and areas for the elderly to engage in recreational activities and exercises.Additionally,based on the size of the community space,it should employ a rational and decentralized layout to ensure that the services are more accessible and closer to the daily lives of the elderly.Providing personalized and warm services is key to flexibly meeting the diverse needs of the elderly.This approach avoids the drawbacks of large-scale concentration,making it easier for the elderly to access the services they require.It reduces the cost of distance,improves the accessibility of services,enables localized elderly care,and allows the elderly to spend the least amount of time while enjoying the most comprehensive services. Within the constraints of resources and the environment,China's urbanization efforts must adopt a compact and intensive approach,concentrating urban development within a relatively small area.By connecting transportation and information networks,a compact arrangement of medical,welfare,commercial,and other functions along public transport routes can enhance the utilization of public facilities.A"network"structure,integrating transportation,information,communication,and energy,is essential for building a sustainable public transport system. Moreover,compact and intensive urbanization necessitates the flexible use of land with indeterminate ownership and the repurposing of vacant buildings.This involves the transformation,reconfiguration,and optimization of existing infrastructure to maximize resource efficiency and minimize the environmental impact of urban expansion.Such measures can,to some extent,improve the accessibility and integration of services for the elderly,enhance their quality of life,foster the development of age-friendly cities,and contribute to sustainable development and environmental protection. The insights for the spatial planning of community-embedded elderly service facilities in China include:strengthening policy support and collaborative governance by crafting specific and detailed policies based on regional development,community size,the proportion of the elderly population,and other factors,as well as engaging social forces to establish a multi-tiered governance system.Additionally,there should be an establishment of an evaluation system for community elderly services to strategically allocate spatial resources with the aim of symbiotic development.It is also imperative to create a resource assurance system and an operational and maintenance team to ensure orderly resource management.