Assessment of the performance of the TOPGNSS and ANN-MB antennas for ionospheric measurements using low-cost u-blox GNSS receiversOAEI

Low-cost GNSS receivers have recently been gaining reliability as good candidates for ionospheric studies.In line with these gains are genuine concerns about improving the performance of these re-ceivers.In this work,we present a comprehensive investigation of the performances of two antennas(the u-blox ANN-MB and the TOPGNSS TOP-106)used on a low-cost GNSS receiver known as the u-blox ZED-F9P.The two antennas were installed on two identical and co-located u-blox receivers.Data used from both receivers cover the period from January to June 2022.Results from the study indicate that the signal strengths are dominantly greater for the receiver with the TOPGNSS antenna than for the receiver with the ANN-MB antenna,implying that the TOPGNSS antenna is better than the ANN-MB antenna in terms of providing greater signal strengths.Summarily,the TOPGNSS antenna also performed better in minimizing the occurrence of cycle slips on phase TEC measurements.There are no conspicuous dif-ferences between the variances(computed as 5-min standard deviations)of phase TEC measurements for the two antennas,except for a period around May-June when the TOPGNSS gave a better perfor-mance in terms of minimizing the variances in phase TEC.Remarkably,the ANN-MB antenna gave a better performance than the TOPGNSS antenna in terms of minimizing the variances in pseudorange TEC for some satellite observations.For precise horizontal(North and East)positioning,the receiver with the TOPGNSS antenna gave better results,while the receiver with the ANN-MB antenna gave better vertical(Up)positioning.The errors for the receivers of both antennas are typically within about 5 m(the monthly mean was usually smaller than 1 m)in the horizontal direction and within about 10 m(the monthly mean was usually smaller than 4 m)in the vertical direction.