喜马拉雅山入湖冰川物质变化研究综述OA北大核心CSTPCD

Lake-terminating glaciers are widely distributed in the Himalayas,and their rapid melting and terminal calving are the most significant triggering and influencing factors of glacial lake outburst floods in the region.In recent years,the lake-terminating glaciers have experienced continuous and accelerating mass loss.From 1975 to 2000,the mass loss of lake-terminating glaciers was-0.33±0.07 m w.e.·a-1.In the past 10 years,it has reached-0.56±0.08 m w.e.·a-1,and its average mass loss rate was-0.45±0.08 m w.e.·a-1.The mass loss rate of lake-terminating glaciers is significantly higher than that of others,and terminal melting and calving are the pri-mary reasons.The subaqueous mass loss of lake-terminating glaciers terminus cannot be accurately estimated.The plume model is widely used to simulate the melting of tidewater glaciers,providing a feasible method for de-termining the lake-ice mass/heat exchange process at the lake-terminating glaciers terminus.The amount of sub-glacial meltwater runoff,the cross-section shape of the glacier terminal,and the temperature and density of lake water significantly affect the estimation results of the plume model.Evaluating the underwater melting character-istics of glacier terminals based on the plume model will lay the foundation for accurately estimating future gla-cier mass changes.