Investigating the dynamics and interactions of surface features on Pine Island Glacier using remote sensing and deep learningOA

Pine Island Glacier(PIG),the largest glacier in the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica,has contributed to over a quarter of the observed sea level rise around Antarctica.In recent years,multiple observations have confirmed its continuous retreat,ice flow acceleration and profound surface melt.Understanding these changes is crucial for accurately monitoring ice mass discharge and future Antarctic contributions to sea level rise.Therefore,it is essential to investigate the complex interactions between these variables to comprehend how they collectively affect the overall stability of the intricate PIG system.In this study,we utilized high-resolution remote sensing data and deep learning method to detect and analyze the spatio-temporal variations of surface melt,ice shelf calving,and ice flow velocity of the PIG from 2015 to 2023.We explored the correlations among these factors to understand their long-term impacts on the glacier's stability.Our findings reveal a retreat of 26.3 km and a mass loss of 1001.6 km2 during 2015-2023.Notably,extensive surface melting was observed,particularly in the 2016/2017 and 2019/2020 melting seasons.Satellite data vividly illustrate prolonged and intense melting periods,correlating with a significant retreat in the glacier's terminus position in 2019/2020.Furthermore,the comprehensive analysis of surface melting and the cumulative retreat of the ice shelf from 2017 to 2020 on the PIG shows a temporal relationship with subsequent significant changes in ice flow velocity,ranging from 10.9 to 12.2 m d-1,with an average acceleration rate of 12％.These empirical findings elucidate the intricate relationship among surface melt,ice flow velocity,and consequential glacier dynamics.A profound understanding of these interrelationships holds paramount importance in glacier dynamic changes and modeling,providing invaluable insights into potential glacier responses to global climate change.